Produksi glukosa dari mikroalga chlorella, sp. melalui hidrolisis oleh enzim cellulase
Keywords:
Chlorella sp, reaksi hidrolisis, enzim cellulase, glukosa
Abstract
Bioetanol sebagai renewable energy dapat diproduksi dari glukosa. Glukosa untuk bioetanol dapat diproduksi dari beberapa sumber, generasi pertama adalah dari bahan pangan berupa pati, gula tebu hanya saja menyebabkan kenaikan harga bahan mentah karena bersaing dengan produk pangan. Generasi kedua adalah dari biomassa lignoselulosa seperti serbuk gergaji, pupuk, rumput yang sulit untuk diproses karena kandungan lignin yang tinggi sehingga menyebabkan biaya proses yang tinggi. Alternatif sumber glukosa adalah dari mikroalga yang memiliki produktivitas biomassa yang tinggi dan kandungan selulosa yang potensial untuk dikonversi menjadi glukosa. Selulosa dalam biomassa dapat dikonversi menjadi glukosa dengan reaksi hidrolisis enzimatik menggunakan enzim cellulase. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan parameter-parameter optimal dalam mengkonversi selulosa menjadi glukosa, antara lain konsentrasi enzim, temperatur, dan waktu reaksi. Biomassa diperoleh dari kultivasi mikroalga Chlorella, sp. dalam media bernutrisi, dengan aliran gas karbon dioksida dan radiasi sinar UV. Reaksi hidrolisis dilakukan dengan variasi konsentrasi enzim cellulase 1,25 – 5 mg/ml, temperatur reaksi 40-70 °C, dan waktu reaksi 8 – 60 jam. Uji kandungan glukosa dilakukan menggunakan reagen DNS dan pembacaan absorbansi oleh Spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi glukosa yang tertinggi sebesar 3,07 g/L diperoleh pada reaksi hidrolisis dengan konsentrasi enzim cellulase 5 mg/ml, temperatur reaksi 55 °C, dan waktu reaksi 58 jam.
References
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Rubio, F., Camacho, F., Sevilla, J., Chisti, Y. and Grima, E., 2002. A mechanistic model of photosynthesis in microalgae. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 81(4): 459-473.
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Durand, H., Baron, M., Calmels, T., Tiraby, G., 1988. Classical and molecular genetics applied to Trichoderma reesei for the selection of improved cellulolytic industrial strains. In: Aubert, J. P., Beguin, P., Millet, J., (Eds.), Biochemistry and genetics of cellulose degradation. Academic Press, New York, pp. 135-151.
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Hsieh, C. and Wu, W., 2009. Cultivation of microalgae for oil production with a cultivation strategy of urea limitation. Bioresour. Technol., 100(17): 3921-3926.
Huang, X. and Penner, M., 1991. Apparent substrate inhibition of the Trichoderma reesei cellulase system. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39(11): 2096-2100.
Iverson, T., 2006. Evolution and unique bioenergetic mechanisms in oxygenic photosynthesis. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 10(2): 91-100.
Jacob-Lopes, E., Scoparo, C., Lacerda, L. and Franco, T., 2009. Effect of light cycles (night/day) on CO2 fixation and biomass production by microalgae in photobioreactors. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 48(1): 306-310.
Katoh, S., Horiuchi, J. and Yoshida, F., n.d. Biochemical Engineering. Chichester: Wiley-VCH.
Kim, J., Lee, J. Y., Keener, T. 2009. Growth kinetic study of Chlorella vulgaris. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati.
Klassen, V., Blifernez-Klassen, O., Wobbe, L., Schlüter, A., Kruse, O., Mussgnug, J.H., 2016. Efficiency and biotechnological aspects of biogas production from microalgal substrates. J. Biotechnol., 234(1): 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.015
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Lee, J., Kim, D., Lee, J., Park, S., Koh, J., Cho, H. and Kim, S., 2002. Effects of SO2 and NO on growth of Chlorella sp. KR-1. Bioresour. Technol., 82(1): 1-4.
Levine, J., Leon, R. and Steigmann, F., 1961. A Rapid Method for the Determination of Urea in Blood and Urine. Clinical Chemistry, 7(5): 488-493.
Low, S., Ong, S. and Ng, H., 2014. Biodiesel production by microalgae cultivated using permeate from membrane bioreactors in continuous system. Water Sci. Technol., 69(9): 1813-1819.
Jacob-Lopes, E., Scoparo, C., Lacerda, L. and Franco, T., 2009. Effect of light cycles (night/day) on CO2 fixation and biomass production by microalgae in photobioreactors. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 48(1): 306-310.
Maia, J., Cardoso, J., Mastrantonio, D., Bierhals, C., Moreira, J., Costa, J. and Morais, M., 2020. Microalgae starch: A promising raw material for the bioethanol production. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 165: 2739-2749.
Mes-Hartree, M., Dale, B. and Craig, W., 1988. Comparison of steam and ammonia pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 29(5): 462-468.
Molina Grima, E., Fernández, F., Garcı́a Camacho, F. and Chisti, Y., 1999. Photobioreactors: light regime, mass transfer, and scaleup. J. Biotechnol., 70(1-3): 231-247.
Muhamad, S., Raehanah, S, 2004. Optimum Growth Parameters for Both Indoor and Outdoor Propagation of Microalgae, Chlorella Vulgaris and Isochrysis Galbana. PhD thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Mutanda, T., Naidoo, D., Bwapwa, J.K., Anandraj, A., 2020. Biotechnological applications of microalgal oleaginous compounds: current trends on microalgal bioprocessing of products. Front. Energy Res., 8(1): 299.
Nagao, R., Ueno, Y., Akita, F., Suzuki, T., Dohmae, N., Akimoto, S., Shen, J.R., 2019. Biochemical characterization of photosystem I complexes having different subunit compositions of fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins in the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis. Photosynth. Res., 140(1): 141–149.
Nigam: and Singh, A., 2011. Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37(1): 52-68.
Orpin, C. G., 1988. Genetic approaches to the improvement of lignocellulose degradation in the 52 rumen. In: Aubert, J. P., Beguin, P., Millet, J., (Eds.), Biochemistry and genetics of cellulose degradation. Academic Press, New York, pp. 171-179.
Packer, M., 2009. Algal capture of carbon dioxide; biomass generation as a tool for greenhouse gas mitigation with reference to New Zealand energy strategy and policy. Energy Policy, 37(9): 3428-3437. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.025.
Pagels, F., Pereira, R., Amaro, H., Vasconcelos, V., Guedes, A. and Vicente, A., 2021. Continuous pressurized extraction versus electric fields-assisted extraction of cyanobacterial pigments. J. Biotechnol., 334: 35-42.
Penner, M. H., Liaw, E.-T., 1994. Kinetic consequences of high ratios of substrate to enzyme saccharification systems based on Trichoderma cellulose, In: Himmel, M. E., Baker, J. O., Overend, R. P., (Eds.), Enzymatic conversion of biomass for fuels production. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC., pp. 363-371.
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2023-07-31
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