Application of integrated adsorption method (oil palm fiber, activated carbon, and ultrafiltration) in hospital wastewater treatment
Keywords:
activated carbon, oil palm fiber, ultrafiltration, wastewater
Abstract
Hospital wastewater contains various pollutants including organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, and microorganisms which pose environmental and health risks. In Indonesia, the volume of hospital wastewater is increasing, whereas wastewater effluent hasn’t met wastewater quality standard optimally. Conventional wastewater treatments require high-cost, large areas, long operating times, and produce sludge. Previous studies showed that adsorption and filtration effectively decreased Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and total coliform levels of hospital wastewater. Activated carbon is widely used adsorbent, but oil palm fiber offers higher adsorption capacity due to its cellulose and lignin content. It’s abundant, renewable, low-cost, and eco-friendly adsorbent. Meanwhile, filtration membrane has high adsorption capacity, but it gets saturated quickly and needs pre-treatment process. This study analyzes the effectiveness of integrated adsorption method in hospital wastewater treatment. It was a quasi-experimental study with one group pre-test post-test design. Wastewater from Hospital X in Palembang was treated with oil palm fiber, activated carbon, and ultrafiltration after being deposited for 24 hours. There were four trials. The combination of oil palm fiber, activated carbon, and ultrafiltration shows promising result with removal efficiency percentage of pH by 8.91 %; BOD by 60.53 %; COD by 57.52 %; TSS by 84.21 %; and total coliform by 52.50 %. Each adsorbent has specific role: oil palm fiber significantly decreases BOD (47.37 %) and TSS (80 %) levels; activated carbon effectively decreases COD (58 %) and total coliform (60%) levels; and ultrafiltration effectively decreases TSS level (83.58 %).
References
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Afriliani, Dian Nur, Nurjazuli Nurjazuli, and Nikie Astorina Yunita Dewanti. (2020). Penilaian proses pengolahan limbah cair di rumah sakit bhayangkara tk.i r. said sukanto jakarta. Media kesehatan masyarakat indonesia 19(4):290–96. doi: 10.14710/mkmi.19.4.290-296.
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Aliaman. 2017. Pengaruh adsorpsi karbon aktif dan pasir silika terhadap penurunan kadar besi (Fe), fosfat (PO4), dan deterjen dalam limbah laundry. Universitas Negri Yogyakarta.
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Ariyanti, Fitri Nur. 2017. Pengolahan limbah cair dengan cara lumpur aktif (activated sludge) dan karbon aktif (activated carbon) dari arang batubara. Wastewater Treatment.
Benyamin, Yanti, and Dodi Darmakusuma. 2020. Efektivitas pengolahan limbah cair rsud kefamenanu melalui proses filtrasi effectiveness of liquid waste treatment of rsud kefamenanu through filtration process. Vol. 25.
Bhandari, Geeta, Parul Chaudhary, Saurabh Gangola, Sanjay Gupta, Ashulekha Gupta, Mohd Rafatullah, and Shaohua Chen. (2023). A review on hospital wastewater treatment technologies: current management practices and future prospects. Journal of Water Process Engineering 56.
Bodzek, Michał, Krystyna Konieczny, and Mariola Rajca. (2019). Membranes in water and wastewater disinfection – review. Archives of Environmental Protection 45(1):3–18.
Candra, I. Wayan Adi. 2021. Pengaruh sabut kelapa sawit sebagai media filter terhadap kualitas limbah cair laundry. Universitas Lambung Mangkurat.
Cundari, L., Yanti, P., Syaputri, K. A. (2016). Pengolahan Limbah Cair Kain Jumputan menggunakan Karbon Aktif dari Sampah Plastik. Jurnal Teknik Kimia. 22 (3): 26-33.
Fathurohman, Mochamad, Ari Wardani, and Siti Nurlida. 2020. Qualitative analysis of coliform bacteria in hospital wastewater with mpn method.
Fitriana, Lia, Encik Weliyadi. 2016. Uji efektifitas pengolahan air limbah rumah sakit pertamedika menggunakan sistem biofilter aerob-anaerob. Vol. 9.
Haryanti, Andi, Norsamsi Norsamsi, Putri Suci Fanny Sholiha, and Novy Pralisa Putri. (2014). Studi pemanfaatan limbah padat kelapa sawit. Konversi 3(2):20. doi: 10.20527/k.v3i2.161.
Hocaoglu, Selda Murat, Mehtap D. Celebi, Irfan Bastruk, and Recep Pertal. (2021). Treatment-Based Hospital Wastewater Characterization and Fractionation of Pollutants. Journal of Water Process Engineering 43.
Humairo, Mika Vernicia, Nurnaningsih Herya Ulfah, Sapto Adi, Septa Katmawanti, Melati Nastiti Ningrum Abidin, Shohifatul Ilma, Puspa Meisya Dini, Chakkrit Sela, Mongkol Ratcha, and Anu Surach. 2023. Laundry waste treatment for decreasing bod levels using the household filtration model in malang city edited by T. D. Tama, D. Mawarni, E. N. Deniati, A. Hapsari, Y. N. Hanief, and P. Widiawati. ISMoPHS 70. doi: 10.2991/978-94-6463-320-7.
Ifa, La, Frans Rante Pakala, Rani Wahyuni Burhan, Fitra Jaya, and Rafdi Abdul Majid. (2020). Coconut fiber utilization as a heavy metal bio adsorbent pb (ii) on industrial waste water. Journal of Chemical Process Engineering 5(1).
Khan, Muhammad Tariq, Izaz Ali Shah, Ihsanullah Ihsanullah, Mu Naushad, Sharafat Ali, Syed Hassan Ali Shah, and Abdul Wahab Mohammad. (2021). Hospital wastewater as a source of environmental contamination: an overview of management practices, environmental risks, and treatment processes. Journal of Water Process Engineering 41.
Khomsatun, Khoriatul. 2022. Efektifitas tandan kosong kelapa sawit dalam menurunkan tingkat chemical oxygen demand (cod) limbah cair jumputan. Vol. 4.
Klatt, Marten, Falk Beyer, and Jörn Einfeldt. (2022). Hospital wastewater treatment and the role of membrane filtration – removal of micropollutants and pathogens: a review. Water Science and Technology 86(9):2213–32. doi: 10.2166/wst.2022.321.
Kurniawati, Eti, Mukhlis Sanuddin, Sekolah Tinggi, Ilmu Kesehatan, and Harapan Ibu Jambi. (2020). Metode filtrasi dan adsorpsi dengan variasi lama kontak dalam pengolahan limbah cair batik. Riset Informasi Kesehatan 9(2):126. doi: 10.30644/rik.v8i2.452.
Lee, Songbok, Youngjin Kim, Jungmi Park, Ho Kyong Shon, and Seungkwan Hong. (2018). Treatment of medical radioactive liquid waste using forward osmosis (fo) membrane process. Journal of Membrane Science 556:238–47. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.04.008.
Lubis, Rizka Alfi Fadhilah, Hafni Indriati Nasution, and Moondra Zubir. (2020). Production of activated carbon from natural sources for water purification. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology 03(2):67–73.
Majumder, Abhradeep, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Partha Sarathi Ghosal, and Mahesh Varma. (2021). A review on hospital wastewater treatment: a special emphasis on occurrence and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds, resistant microorganisms, and SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9(2). doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104812.
Manusawai, Herman Alfius. (2011). Pengelolaan limbah padat sabut kelapa sawit sebagai bahan untuk mengelola limbah cair. Hasanuddin University Journal.
Nurhaliq, Dina Fajrina, Rahman, and Hidayat. (2022). Efektivitas karbon aktif dalam menurunkan konsentrasi cod pada limbah cair rsud massenrempulu kabupaten enrekang. Window of Public Health 3(2):332–38.
Nurhayati, Indah, Sugito Sugito, and Ayu Pertiwi. (2018). Pengolahan limbah cair laboratorium dengan adsorpsi dan pretreatment netralisasi dan koagulasi. Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Lingkungan 10(2):125–38. doi: 10.20885/jstl.vol10.iss2.art5.
Nururrahmah. (2015). Uji efektivitas limbah sabut kelapa sawit terhadap penurunan kadar cod pada limbah cair sagu. Jurnal Dinamika 06(1):1–10.
Parida, Vishal Kumar, Divyanshu Sikarwar, Abhradeep Majumder, and Ashok Kumar Gupta. (2022). An assessment of hospital wastewater and biomedical waste generation, existing legislations, risk assessment, treatment processes, and scenario during COVID-19. Journal of Environmental Management 308.
Permenkes no.340/menkes/per/iii/. 2010. peraturan menteri kesehatan republik indonesia nomor 340/menkes/per/iii/2010 tentang klasifikasi rumah sakit.
Pertiwi, Vinidia, Tri Joko, Hanan Lanang, Dangiran Peminatan. (2017). Evaluasi pengelolaan limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun (b3) di rumah sakit roemani muhammadiyah semarang. Kesehatan Lingkungan, Fakultas Kesehatan, Masyarakat Universitas, and Diponegoro Semarang, vol. 5.
Pinem, Khairul Ifindo. 2019. Pengaruh rate filtrasi dan ketebalan media pasir silika terhadap penurunan nilai kekeruhan dan peningkatan nilai ph dalam filtrasi air gambut. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Rahmawati, Jenni Oni, and Indah Nurhayati. (2016). Pengaruh jenis media filtrasi kualitas air sumur gali. Jurnal Tekhnik Waktu 14(2):1412–1867.
Rahmayanti, Ardhana, Dan Laily, and Noer Hamidah. 2019. Efisiensi removal bakteri pada filter air payau dengan media karbon aktif. Vol. 5.
Rajan, Muthaian Jaya, and Clastin Indira Anish. 2023. “Role of Activated Carbon in Water Treatment.” London: IntechOpen.
Rashid, Ruhma, Iqrash Shafiq, Parveen Akhter, &. Muhammad, Javid Iqbal, and Murid Hussain. (2021). A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: the effectiveness of adsorption method. Environmental Science and Pollution 9050–66. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12395-x/Published.
Resky, Putri Tasmila, Alfina Baharudidin, Ikhram Hardi, Muhammad Ikhtiar, and Aulia Rahman. (2022). Efektivitas media adsorben arang tempurung kelapa terhadap kualitas limbah cair di rsud sayang rakyat kota makassar. Window of Public Health 3(1):136–45.
Roman, Maya, Nur Aini Bunyani, and Joritha Naisanu. (2020). Utilization of moringa seed flour as a coagulant, palm fiber, and activated charcoal in an effort to improve domestic wastewater. Jurnal Biologi Tropis 20(3):467–74. doi: 10.29303/jbt.v20i3.2061.
Santoso, E., R. Ediati, Y. Kusumawati, H. Bahruji, D. O. Sulistiono, and D. Prasetyoko. 2020. Review on recent advances of carbon based adsorbent for methylene blue removal from waste water. Materials Today Chemistry 16.
Sasiang, Evani, Seprianto Maddusa, and Oksfriani Jufri Sumampouw. 2019. Efektivitas instalasi pengolahan air limbah berdasarkan parameter biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand dan derajat keasaman di rumah sakit umum. gmim pancaran kasih manado. Vol. 8.
Tumimomor, Farly, Septiany Palilingan, and Meity Pungus. (2020). Pengaruh filtrasi terhadap nilai ph, konduktansi, dan suhu air limbah laundry. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Unima 1(1):1–9.
Vigiak, Olga, Bruna Grizzetti, Angel Udias-Moinelo, Michela Zanni, Chiara Dorati, Fayçal Bouraoui, and Alberto Pistocchi. (2019). Predicting biochemical oxygen demand in european freshwater bodies. Science of the Total Environment 666:1089–1105. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.252.
Published
2024-08-15
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Articles
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