Jurnal Teknik Kimia

Mixture composition and coal size effect on coal water mixture quality

2024-03-30T04:46:36+00:00

Coal usage as a primary energy source is targeted to continue to increase and replace petroleum as the main energy source. Further processing is required to achieve the standard fuel characteristics, one of which is through a process called Coal Water Mixture (CWM) by adding water and additives to coal to produce fuel with characteristics like heavy oil. This research was conducted to analyze the best composition and size of the coal for CWM processing using variations in coal composition (20 %; 30 %; 40 %; 50 %; and 60 %) and coal particle size (40, 80, and 120 mesh). The parameters studied for each CWM product are product quantity, inherent moisture, density, pH, and calorific value. The results of the initial analysis show that the CWM product with a coal composition of 50 % has characteristics that most closely resemble Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO). CWM product with a coal composition of 50 % with all three variations of coal size was then tested for its calorific value and the respective values were 3476.3153 cal/g; 4025.5551 cal/g; and 4488.4248 cal/g. The resulting product meets the physical characteristics qualifications, but to substitute HFO as fuel, it is necessary to use high quality coal, namely anthracite with a higher calorific value or upgrade the coal raw materials that will be used for the CWM processing.

Production of ceramic membranes made from porang (Amorphophallus muelleri B.) and zeolite and its utilization on jumputan wastewater treatment

2024-04-24T14:21:28+00:00

Palembang has a rich art of weaving jumputan cloth. Jumputan fabric uses naphthol as a dye which if discharged into the river will affect the water. Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri B.) and zeolite have potential as absorbents in absorbing impurities in liquid waste from jumputan cloth through its modification into membranes. The purpose of this study was to determine the formulation and effectiveness of ceramic membranes from porang tubers and zeolites in treating jumputan cloth wastewater, and to characterize the permeate results from the membrane. This research uses ceramic membrane filtration method combined with coagulation using Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) and quicklime. Coagulation uses two stirring methods, namely fast and slow stirring. Filtration was carried out for 125 minutes and every 25 minutes the filtrate was sampled. After the filtration process, several parameters were analyzed, namely turbidity, color, TSS, and pH. The best turbidity value reduction was shown in membrane variation 2 at 50 minutes with a decrease of 68.71 %, a decrease in color concentration was shown in membrane variation 2 at 75 minutes operating time with a decrease of 69.19%, the decrease in TSS value is shown in membrane 2 at an operating time of 125 minutes with a decrease of 81.03 %. The highest pH increase was found in membrane variation 1 at an operating time of 125 minutes with an increase of 42.67 %. The filtration process with ceramic membranes is effective in reducing turbidity, color concentration, TSS, and increasing the pH of the waste.

Biodiesel production with DES (deep eutectic solvent) catalyst using used cooking oil feedstock through two-stage transesterification process

2024-04-29T09:18:32+00:00

Most of biodiesel in Indonesia is still produced by costly processed utilizing pricey catalysts and high grade fatty acid methyl esther (FAME). Low cost catalysts need to be invented in order to make biodiesel more affordable, while raw material also need to be obtained from low cost alternatives. such as broadly available waste cooking oil.This research used waste cooking oil as raw material in biodiesel transesterification process, utilizing DES (Deep Eutectic Solvent) K₂CO₃-gliserol, as alternative catalyst. The output was biodiesel with near SNI 7182:2015 criteria. Optimum biodiesel production was achieved in low 65 ^oC temperature while utilizing two step transesterification process using DES K2CO3-gliserol 5.5 % and 35 % methanol, whereas glycerol total was 0.32 % and methyl esther contain was 96.89 %.

Analysis of coconut shell adsorption capability as greywater waste adsorbent

2024-05-17T01:41:48+00:00

As coconut plantations increase in Indonesia, coconut shell waste has the potential to damage the environment if it is not processed properly. Various studies state that coconut shell waste can be used as a greywater adsorbent. Greywater is a domestic waste that is much less polluted than domestic wastewater because it does not contain urine, feces, and toilet paper, and only contains about 30% of the total organic load. Therefore, it is important to determine the right adsorbent for appropriate processing. So this research will test the adsorption capacity of coconut shell waste as a greywater adsorbent using iodine absorption analysis. In the analysis of iodine absorption capacity, coconut shell adsorbents have high adsorption capabilities in absorbing adsorbate (iodine molecules) with high molecular concentrations. Based on iodine absorption analysis data, it is known that the coconut shell waste adsorbent has a maximum adsorption capacity of 2.86 x 10^-3 mg g^-1 by following the Langmuir isotherm model. The coconut shell waste adsorbent used as a medium in the adsorption column was able to reduce total dissolved solids by 3.7 %, total suspended solids by 23.3 %, and phosphate removal efficiency by 6.3 % in greywater waste samples. This proves that coconut shell waste can act as an adsorbent in managing greywater waste.

Extraction of natural dyes from tarum leaves (Indigofera Tinctoria L.) using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method

2024-05-17T01:42:17+00:00

The rapid development of the textile industry has led to increased use of synthetic dyes. Although synthetic dyes are more practical and economical, their use can have adverse effects on health and the environment. Natural dyes are utilized as alternatives with indigo leaves (Indigofera tinctoria L.) being one source known for producing a blue color. However, the commonly used extraction methods require long extraction times and significant solvent consumption. Given the limitations of current methods, innovation is needed for an efficient extraction method that produces safe and environmentally friendly natural dyes, one of which is ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Therefore, this study aims to determine the extraction process of indigo leaves using UAE method, then identify the parameters influencing the extraction process using the UAE, determine the extraction yield using UAE, assess the dyeing results of the extracted dye from indigo leaves on cotton fabric, and compare the extraction results of indigo dye through the UAE method with the addition of CaO and NaOH solutions. The results of this study indicate that the natural dye from Indigofera tinctoria obtained the best conditions at extraction time of 90 min, feed-to-solvent ratio of 0.05 g/ml, and CaO-to-solvent ratio of 0.005 g/ml. Furthermore, the addition of CaO solution obtained the highest yield at 4.25 %, while the addition of NaOH solution resulted in 4.8 %. Additionally, the analysis and test results of the application of natural dye from Indigofera tinctoria on cotton fabric revealed a darker color with the addition of NaOH solution compared to the addition of CaO solution.

Hydrolysis profile of gadung (dioscorea hispida dennst) starch to glucose using alpha amylase enzyme

2024-05-17T01:56:02+00:00

Indonesia is an agrarian Country that has abundant natural resources. It has potential to be used as industrial raw materials such as sugar reduction from starch. Gadung, which is abundant in Gandus and it can be monitored for its presence in the dry season, is one source of starch. The aims of this research is to obtain glucose with a high yield percentage, to know the optimum concentration of α-amylase enzyme to hydrolysis gadung starch into glucose, and to know the relationship between hydrolysis time and concentration the glucose formed by the addition of the enzyme variation. The implementation of the research is carried out in three stages, first is preparation of raw materials, hydrolysis of gadung starch into glucose enzymatically, and analysis of glucose level using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry with Nelson reaction. The free variables used are the time variation of hydrolysis 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes and alpha amylase enzyme 1 %, 2 %, 3 % b/v. The optimum hydrolysis results on this study were at 1 % b/v enzyme variation, 10 minutes hydrolysis time, and a temperature of 90 ^oC. The yield of glucose concentration is 255.35 ppm. From this reseach, it is known that the longer the starch hydrolysis takes place, the observed glucose tends to experience in fluctuative consentration caused by the increase of α- amylase enzyme variations.

Extraction of K2CO3 from empty palm fruit bunch ash and properties analysis

2024-06-06T04:22:24+00:00

Empty oil palm fruit bunches (EPFB) are the largest solid waste generated from palm oil mills. Accounting for 21-23 % of the total fresh fruit bunches. EFB ash contains K (Potassium) which can be recovered as K₂CO₃ through extraction. This research aims to recover K₂CO₃ from empty oil palm fruit bunches (EPFB) as a catalyst raw material because it is alkaline using the K₂CO₃ extraction method from the ash of empty oil palm fruit bunches (EPFB), which begins with a combustion process at a temperature of 700 ^oC to obtain ash. Ash extraction was carried out in 2 stages using water as a solvent. The K₂CO₃ yield from empty palm fruit bunch ash reached 57.28 %. The alkalinity test showed that the K₂CO₃ content in the solid extract reached 85.91 %. The properties of the ash and K₂CO₃ produced were analyzed using XRF, XRD and FTIR. The results of XRF analysis show that the potassium content in the ash contains the element K (potassium) which is quite large, namely 71.24 % and after extraction the purity of potassium oxide reaches 97.08 %. XRD analysis of the results of the synthesis of potassium carbonate from empty oil palm fruit bunches showed that the intensity of the material beam was obtained in a 2ϴ pattern which was lower than the intensity pattern of pure potassium carbonate. The results of FTIR analysis show that the spectrum of carbonate ions from the EPFB C-O bend is visible at 1359,879 and 700.75 cm-1 and these results are similaire to the pure carbonate ion vibration mode.

Sugar content improvement by sonication in the pretreatment of empty fruit bunch hydrolysis

2024-06-06T05:59:10+00:00

The empty palm fruit bunches (EFB) has great potential as an alternative feedstock for bioethanol production due to its high content of cellulose and hemicellulose. However, besides cellulose and hemicellulose, EFB also contains lignin, which can hinder the hydrolysis process and therefore requires delignification. This study aims to determine the effect of sonication in alkali delignification on the sugar content of hydrolysis. Ultrasonic in 37 KHz was performed at a temperature of 80 °C. Sonication process durations ranged from 30 minutes to 150 minutes using a 10 % (w/v) NaOH solvent. The hydrolysis of EFB fibers was carried out in a water bath at 80 °C using a 0.5 N sulfuric acid solvent in a ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for 2 hours. The sugar content was measured using the phenol-sulfuric acid method with UV-Visible spectrophotometry. In this study found that the ultrasonic irradiation time length gave good results at a time limit not exceeding 90 minutes due to hemicellulose characteristics . The highest sugar content was obtained at a sonication duration of 90 minutes, measuring 20.60 mg/L, which was 38.5 % higher than alkali delignification without sonication for 150 minutes. SEM analysis indicated that EFB had undergone changes in the surface morphology and structure. Qualitative FTIR analysis showed that the hydrolysis solution contained glucose and pentose, which are products of hydrolyzed cellulose and hemicellulose.

Producing liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) by combining rice straw waste with local microorganisms (MOL) to enhance the growth of rice plants

2024-06-24T04:26:09+00:00

Rice straw is a byproduct of rice harvesting that is often underutilized or discarded, contributing to agricultural waste. Finding effective ways to utilize rice straw could reduce waste and potentially enhance agricultural productivity. This study investigates the impact of rice straw and Local Microorganisms (MOL) on rice plant growth through liquid organic fertilizer (LOF). Employing a 2 x 2 factorial randomized regular two-level factorial design with three replications and blocks, the study assessed the impact of varying levels of rice straw (50 grams and 100 grams) and MOL application (200 mL and 400 mL) on rice plant height over a 7-day period. Results indicate that the combination of 50 grams of rice straw and 200 mL of MOL yielded the highest average plant height of 4.91 cm. Notably, MOL (B) exerted the most substantial influence on plant height, with the interaction between rice straw (A) and MOL also contributing, albeit to a lesser degree. Optimization analysis identified the optimal combination of 50 grams of rice straw and 266 mL of MOL for maximizing rice plant growth, underscoring the potential of integrating these elements into agricultural practices. This approach not only mitigates agricultural waste but also reduces dependence on chemical fertilizers, aligning with principles of sustainable agriculture. Moreover, the study robust experimental design and statistical analysis using Design Expert Version 13 validate the reliability and applicability of these findings in agricultural settings.