Ragam Metode Pemodelan Perilaku Evakuasi Kebakaran di dalam Bangunan
Keywords:
perilaku evakuasi, model simulasi, kebakaran, arsitektur
Abstract
Desain keselamatan bangunan berkaitan erat dengan kemudahan dan efektifitas evakuasi. Salah satu aspek yang sangat berpengaruh adalah perilaku evakuasi manusia. Dalam konteks kebakaran bangunan, model simulasi komputasi maupun matematis telah banyak dikembangkan untuk memahami fenomena perilaku evakuasi yang terjadi. Namun saat ini, sangat jarang dilakukan tinjauan yang komprehensif terhadap perkembangan metode pemodelan tersebut serta potensi penerapan di Indonesia sendiri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji beberapa metode pemodelan perilaku evakuasi kebakaran di bangunan untuk menemukan potensi dan hambatan penerapannya, terutama dalam konteks Indonesia melalui kajian literatur. Di Indonesia sendiri penelitian arsitektural terkait dengan perilaku evakuasi kebakaran masih sangat minim. Sebagian besar berfokus pada kesesuaian aturan preskriptif, penempatan alat pemadam aktif, serta instalasi kompartemen dan sistem pemadam pasif. Aspek potensial untuk diikutsertakan dalam model perilaku evakuasi adalah sosial budaya Indonesia mengenai perbedaan dalam memahami dan memperoleh informasi lingkungan.
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Bigrigg, B., & Tustin, C. R. (2006). From Note Taking To Note Making - Fire Engineering. Diakses: 29-05-2017,
Billington, M. J., Ferguson, A., & Copping, A. G. (2002). Means of Escape from Fire. Means of Escape from Fire. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470758458
Drury, J., Novelli, D., & Stott, C. (2013). Psychological Disaster Myths in The Perception and Management ff Mass Emergencies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(11), 2259–2270. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12176
Fransiska, W., & Anwar, F. (2009). The Role of Old Urban Structure in Preventing The Old Historical Area from Fire Disaster. Civil Engineering, 1–8.
Groner, N. E. (2016). A Decision Model for Recommending Which Building Occupants Should Move Where During Fire Emergencies. Fire Safety Journal, 80, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.11.002
Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawrence, P. J., & Filippidis, L. (2001). Modelling Occupant Interaction with Fire Conditions Using The Buildingexodus Evacuation Model. Fire Safety Journal, 36(4), 327–357.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00060-6
Haghani, M., & Sarvi, M. (2016). Human Exit Choice in Crowded Built Environments: Investigating Underlying Behavioural Differences Between Normal Egress and Emergency Evacuations. Fire Safety Journal, 85, 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.07.003
Haghani, M., Sarvi, M., Shahhoseini, Z., & Boltes, M. (2016). How Simple Hypothetical-Choice Experiments Can Be Utilized to Learn Humans’ Navigational Escape Decisions In Emergencies. PLoS ONE, 11(11), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166908
Kuligowski, E. D. (2008). Modeling Human Behavior during Building Fires. Modeling Human Behavior during Building Fires, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1619
Kuligowski, E. D., & Gwynne, S. M. V. (2010). The Need for Behavioral Theory in Evacuation Modeling. Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2008, 721–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04504-2_70
Kuligowski, E. D., & Peacock, R. D. (2005). Technical Note 1471 A Review of Building Evacuation Models.
Lin, J., Zhu, R., Li, N., & Becerik-Gerber, B. (2020). Do People Follow The Crowd In Building Emergency Evacuation? A Cross-Cultural Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Study. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 43(July 2019), 101040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2020.101040
Lovas, G. G. (1998). Models of Wayfinding in Emergency Evacuations. European Journal of Operational Research, 105(97), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(97)00084-2
N.Vinky Rahman. (2004). Kebakaran, Bahaya Unpredictible, Upaya dan Kendala Penanggulangannya. Jurnal Fakultas Teknik Universitas Sumatera Utara, 1–18.
Perry, R. W., & Green, M. R. (1982). The Role of Ethnicity in The Emergency Decision‐Making Process. Sociological Inquiry, 52(4), 306–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01257.x
Purser, D. A., & Bensilum, M. (2001). Quantification of Behaviour for Engineering Design Standards and Escape Time Calculations. Safety Science, 38(2),157–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S09257535(00)00066-7
Pynkyawati, T., Amir, A., Ode, L., Al, A., Bandung, B., Bsm, S., & Bandung, S. (2013). Kajian Desain Sirkulasi Ruang Dalam sebagai Sarana Evakuasi pada Kondisi Bahaya Kebakaran di Bandung Supermal dan Trans Studio Bandung. Jurnal Online Itenas, 1–10.
Rahmawati, D., Pamungkas, A., Aulia, B. U., Larasati, K. D., Rahadyan, G. A., & Dito, A. H. (2016). Participatory Mapping for Urban Fire Risk Reduction in High-density Urban Settlement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 227(November 2015), 395–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.091
Ramadhan, Bi. (2015). Bandung Indah Plaza Kebakaran, Pengunjung Panik | Republika Online. Diakses: 10-10-2017,
Rubin, G. J., Williams, R., Carter, H., Drury, J., & Amlo, R. (2014). Effective Responder Communication Improves Efficiency and Psychological Outcomes in a Mass Decontamination Field Experiment : Implications for Public Behaviour in the Event of a Chemical Incident. PLoS ONE, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089846
Sagala, S., Adhitama, P., & Sianturi, D. G. (2013). Analisis Upaya Pencegahan Bencana Kebakaran di Permukiman Padat Perkotaan Kota Bandung, Studi Kasus Kelurahan Sukahaji (Desember 2013 No. 3). Resilience Development Initiative (Vol. 49). Bandung.
Shields, T., & Proulx, G. (2000). The Science of Human Behavior: Past Research Endeavors, Current Developments and Fashioning a Research Agenda. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, 95–114.
Sime, J. D. (1985). Movement toward the familiar: Person and Place Affiliation in a Fire Entrapment Setting. Environment and Behavior, 17(6), 697–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916585176003
Sivers, I Von, Templeton, A., Künzner, F., Köster, G., Drury, J., Philippides, A., … Bungartz, H. (2016). Modelling Social Identification and Helping In Evacuation Simulation. Safety Science, 89, 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.07.001
Sukarno, P. A. (2016). Sepanjang 2016, di DKI Terjadi 1.139 Kasus Kebakaran. Diakses: 12-05-2017,
Sukawi, Hardiman, G., Aini DA, N., & Amany, Z. (2016). Evaluasi Sistem Proteksi Kebakaran pada Bangunan Rumah Susun (Studi Kasus : Rusunawa Undip). Modul, 16(1), 35–42.
Sun, C., de Vries, B., & Zhao, Q. (2010). Architectural Cue Model in Evacuation Simulation for Underground Space. Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04504-2_58
Thompson, P. A., & Marchant, E. W. (1995). Computer and Fluid Modelling of Evacuation. Safety Science, 18, 277–289.
Troncoso, J. (2014). Response to Emergency Way-Finding Systems by People from Different Cultures. Lund University.
Vani, K., & Idicula, S. M. (2013). Leader-Follower Model, 4(8).
Vianandha, V., Jondri, & Arifianto, A. (2015). Implementasi Agnet-based Modelling and Simulation dalam Evakuasi Keadaan Darurat.
Von Sivers, Isabella, Templeton, A., Köster, G., Drury, J., & Philippides, A. (2014). Humans Do Not Always Act Selfishly: Social Identity and Helping in Emergency Evacuation Simulation. Transportation Research Procedia, 2, 585–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.099
Zhu, R., Lin, J., Becerik-gerber, B., & Li, N. (2020). Influence Of Architectural Visual Access on Emergency Wayfinding : A Cross-Cultural Study in China , United Kingdom and United States. Fire Safety Journal, 113(May 2019), 102963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102963
Published
2021-12-24
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